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Gyaur Qala

Gyaur Qala, or “the Fortress of Infidels,” is a remarkable ancient settlement located in Karakalpakstan, Uzbekistan, dating back to approximately the 4th century BC. The name itself evokes a sense of mystery and intrigue, hinting at the fortress’s storied past and the cultures that once thrived within its walls.

The fortress is renowned for its impressive ten-meter-high walls, which still stand today as a testament to the skill and craftsmanship of the ancient builders. These walls enclose the ruins of two citadels, believed to have served as temple and palace complexes. One of the citadels likely functioned as both a protective structure and a place of worship, reflecting the Zoroastrian beliefs of the inhabitants of Gyaur Qala. This region is considered the homeland of the most ancient texts of Avesta – Gathas, written by Zarathustra, adding to the historical and cultural significance of the site.

The second citadel is believed to have been the governor’s palace, featuring a courtyard, numerous outbuildings, and living quarters adorned with carvings and paintings. Archaeologists have unearthed a wealth of artifacts from this area, including ornaments, fabrics embellished with gold embroidery, and other luxury goods, indicating that Gyaur Qala was once home to the elite of ancient Khorezmian society.

Strategically located at the crossroads of trade routes, Gyaur Qala was a key hub along the northern branch of the Great Silk Road. This strategic position likely contributed to the longevity of the fortress, allowing it to thrive long after other ancient Khorezmian fortresses had fallen into disuse.

The fortress earned its name “the Fortress of Infidels” from the Arab conquerors who took control of the region in the early 8th century. The Zoroastrian inhabitants of Gyaur Qala fiercely resisted the Arab invaders for over half a century before ultimately succumbing to their rule. The Arabs dubbed the fortress Gyaur-Kala, as its inhabitants were considered “infidels” due to their adherence to Zoroastrianism.

Gyaur Qala remained inhabited until the arrival of the Mongols in the early 13th century. Under the command of Genghis Khan’s son, Temujin, the city was razed to the ground. The surviving inhabitants of Gyaur Qala relocated and established a new settlement near the ruins of the ancient fortress, marking the end of an era for this once-great stronghold.

Today, Gyaur Qala stands as a testament to the rich history and cultural heritage of Uzbekistan. Visitors to this ancient site can explore its ruins, marvel at its impressive architecture, and imagine the vibrant life that once thrived within its walls, making it a must-visit destination for history enthusiasts and travelers alike.