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History of Kokand

Kokand, a city located in the eastern part of Uzbekistan, is steeped in a rich history that dates back centuries. From its origins as a small settlement to its rise as a powerful khanate, Kokand has played a significant role in the cultural and political landscape of Central Asia. Today, the city stands as a testament to its storied past, with numerous historical sites and landmarks that attract visitors from around the world.

Early History of Kokand The history of Kokand can be traced back to ancient times, with evidence of human settlement in the area dating back to the 10th century BC. The region was inhabited by various tribes and civilizations over the centuries, including the Sogdians, Scythians, and Huns. However, it was not until the 10th century AD that Kokand began to emerge as a significant settlement. Historical records trace its roots back to the 10th century, when it was known as Hukande or Havokande. As a vital trading hub on the Silk Road, Kokand flourished until the 13th century, when it, like many other Central Asian cities, fell to the Mongol conquests.

In the 16th century, Kokand came under the rule of the Shaybanid dynasty, which established it as a regional center. The city’s strategic location along the Silk Road made it a hub of trade and commerce, attracting merchants and traders from across the region. During this period, Kokand began to flourish, with the construction of mosques, madrasahs, and other Islamic monuments that still stand today.

The Rise of the Kokand Khanate In the 18th century, Kokand rose to prominence as the capital of the Kokand Khanate, a powerful state that encompassed much of present-day Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, and Kyrgyzstan. Under the rule of the khans, Kokand experienced a period of great prosperity and cultural achievement.

The foundation of modern Kokand was laid near the current city, on the territory of the Bukhara Khanate, with the construction of the fortress of Eski-Kurgan in 1732. Originally named “Khuk-kand” or “Boar city,” it started as a small domain but gradually expanded its borders, becoming an independent entity from the Bukhara Emirate.

During this time, the city became known for its vibrant arts and culture, with the construction of magnificent palaces, mosques, and fortresses that adorned its skyline. The Kokand Khanate also became a center of Islamic learning, with the establishment of numerous madrasahs and libraries that attracted scholars from across the Muslim world.

The gate of the khan's palace. Soldiers of the Kokand khan's army standing in the inner courtyard of the palace
The gate of the khan’s palace. Soldiers of the Kokand khan’s army standing in the inner courtyard of the palace

The peak of the Kokand Khanate’s power came in the first half of the 19th century when its territory encompassed much of present-day Uzbekistan, parts of southern Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, and even extended into China. Kokand was a significant center for trade and religion, boasting over 300 mosques and numerous madrassahs. However, the Khanate saw frequent changes in leadership, with 29 different governors over its history. The most infamous was Khudayar Khan, known for his cruelty and greed, who lost and regained his throne four times during his reign. Despite his turbulent rule, Khudayar Khan contributed significantly to the city’s architectural beauty, overseeing the construction of numerous guzars, mosques, and madrassahs.

Madali Khan madrassah

Russian Conquest and Modern Era In the late 19th century, the Kokand Khanate came under increasing pressure from the expanding Russian Empire. The Kokand Khanate, along with the Bukhara and Khiva Khanates, became embroiled in a power struggle in Central Asia. Seizing this opportunity, Tsarist Russia launched a campaign to conquer the region. In 1868, the Kokand Khanate was forced to sign a treaty, becoming a vassal state of the Russian Empire. This marked the end of the Khanate’s independence, which had lasted nearly 170 years.

Despite this, Kokand continued to thrive as a cultural and economic center under Russian rule. The city became an important hub for trade and industry, with the construction of railways and other infrastructure that connected it to the rest of the empire.

Following Kokand’s incorporation into the Russian Empire, the Khan’s palace was converted into a fortress, and European-style buildings were constructed along new highways through the city’s residential quarters. This transformation turned Kokand into a bustling center of capitalist activity in Turkestan, surpassing even Tashkent in the number of banks.

Russian-Asian bank in Kokand

In the 20th century, Kokand experienced significant changes with the establishment of the Soviet Union. The city became part of the Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic and underwent modernization and industrialization efforts. Today, Kokand is a vibrant city that blends its rich history with modernity, offering visitors a unique glimpse into the cultural heritage of Central Asia.

Today, Kokand boasts a wealth of historical monuments from the Khanate period, dating back to the 18th and 19th centuries. These architectural treasures stand as a testament to Kokand’s rich history and cultural heritage, attracting visitors from around the world to explore its storied past.

Historical Sites and Landmarks Kokand is home to a wealth of historical sites and landmarks that reflect its rich history. One of the most iconic landmarks in the city is the Khudoyar Khan Palace, a stunning example of Central Asian architecture. Built in the 19th century, the palace features intricate wood carvings, colorful tiles, and beautiful gardens that are a testament to the city’s cultural heritage.

Another must-visit site in Kokand is the Jami Mosque, one of the largest mosques in Central Asia. Built in the 18th century, the mosque boasts a grand courtyard and a beautiful blue dome that is a sight to behold.

The Dakhma-i-Shokhon Mausoleum is another important historical site in Kokand, dating back to the 19th century. The mausoleum is known for its unique architecture and is a popular destination for visitors seeking to explore the city’s history.

In addition to these sites, Kokand is also home to several museums and galleries that showcase its rich cultural heritage. The Kokand Regional History Museum is a must-visit for history buffs, with its collection of artifacts and exhibits that trace the city’s history from ancient times to the present day.

Overall, Kokand is a city that offers visitors a unique blend of history, culture, and architecture. From its ancient origins to its modern-day attractions, Kokand is a destination that is sure to captivate and inspire all who visit.

For picturesque historical photos of Kokand check the source here: Part 1, Part 2, Part 3

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