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Old City (Eski Shahar)

Exploring the Rich History and Architecture of

Tashkent's Old City

Among its many facets, the Old City of Tashkent emerges as a treasure trove of medieval architecture and historical significance. Nestled within its winding streets and ancient structures are echoes of centuries past, offering visitors a glimpse into the city’s storied past.

The Old City of Tashkent, as it stands today, represents the historical north-western part of the city, tracing its roots back to antiquity. However, its current designation and recognition as the Old City primarily stem from the period of Russian colonialism in the 19th century. As Tashkent underwent transformations with the establishment of the Turkestan general-governorship in 1865, a demarcation between the old and new parts of the city emerged, with the Anhor channel serving as an unofficial boundary.

Within the confines of the Old City lie numerous architectural marvels, showcasing the artistic and cultural prowess of bygone eras. Among these, the Kukeldash Madrasah stands as a striking example of medieval craftsmanship. Constructed in the 16th century under the patronage of Tashkent’s ruler Dervish-khan, also known as Kukeldash, this grand madrasah remains operational to this day, a testament to its enduring legacy.

Another notable landmark within the Old City is the Khast Imam Complex, a focal point of religious and cultural significance. This sprawling complex encompasses the Mausoleum of St. Imam Kaffal Shashi, a revered figure in Islamic history. Imam Kaffal Shashi’s tomb, dating back to the 10th century, serves as a place of pilgrimage for devout Muslims, drawing visitors from far and wide.

Beyond its architectural splendors, the Old City of Tashkent is imbued with a rich cultural heritage that resonates through its bustling streets and bustling marketplaces. The Chorsu Bazaar, one of the oldest markets in Tashkent, pulsates with activity, offering a sensory feast of sights, sounds, and smells. Adjacent to the market square stands the Juma Mosque of Khoja Ahrar Vali, a venerable institution that has long been a focal point of religious and communal life in the city.

Throughout its long and storied history, the Old City has borne witness to periods of both triumph and turmoil. Yet, through it all, its enduring spirit persists, serving as a living testament to the resilience of the Uzbek people. Today, efforts are underway to preserve and restore the architectural heritage of the Old City, ensuring that future generations can continue to marvel at its beauty and significance.

The Old City of Tashkent stands as a microcosm of Uzbekistan’s rich cultural heritage, offering a window into the past while embracing the vibrancy of the present. From its ancient monuments to its bustling marketplaces, every corner of the Old City tells a story, weaving together the threads of history, tradition, and community. As Tashkent continues to evolve and grow, the Old City remains a timeless testament to the enduring spirit of this historic metropolis.

The Old City, or “Eski Shahar” in Uzbek, is the historic core of Tashkent. This area constitutes a window into the past, offering a stark contrast between the Soviet-era new city characterized by wide boulevards and modern architecture, and the traditional old town that embodies the remnants of Tashkent’s ancient heritage, reflecting centuries of history.

Historical Background:

  • Ancient Roots: Tashkent’s history spans over 2,200 years, with the Old City at its cultural and historical heart. This area has witnessed various empires and cultures, including Turkic, Persian, Russian, and Soviet influences.

  • Silk Road Significance: As a prominent stop on the historic Silk Road, Tashkent’s Old City was a melting pot of traders, travelers, and conquerors, contributing to its diverse architectural and cultural landscape.

  • Earthquake and Reconstruction: The Old City was severely damaged during the massive 1966 earthquake that struck Tashkent. While many historic buildings were lost, some were restored or reconstructed, maintaining the essence of traditional Central Asian urban design.

Architectural Features:

  • Maze of Narrow Streets: The Old City layout comprises a labyrinth of narrow, winding streets that follow the organic, unplanned growth typical of ancient towns. These alleys hold the secrets of the city’s past and lead to hidden courtyards and traditional homes, known as “mahallas.”

  • Mahallas: Residential neighborhoods, or mahallas, form the fabric of the Old City, featuring one- or two-story houses built from baked mud-bricks. Each mahalla often has a community mosque, a school, and a market, serving as a self-contained unit within the city.

  • Hast Imam Square: This is the religious center of the Old City, home to the spiritual leadership of Uzbekistan. It encompasses several mosques, madrasahs, and the Muyi Muborak Library, which houses a treasure of Islamic literature including the 7th-century Osman Quran, one of the world’s oldest extant copies of the Quran.

Cultural and Social Aspects:

  • Local Craftsmanship: The old bazaars and markets, such as Chorsu Bazaar, are rich with traditional crafts and offer a variety of local products, including silk, spices, jewelry, and pottery. These markets continue to thrive as hubs of commerce and social interaction.

  • Intangible Cultural Heritage: The Old City is a repository of intangible heritage, with local traditions, languages, cuisines, and festivals that reflect the city’s historical multiculturalism.

  • Cuisine: Tashkent’s culinary history can be savored in the Old City, where traditional teahouses (chaikhanas) serve regional dishes like plov, shashlik, and somsa, highlighting the flavors that have nourished travelers and locals alike for centuries.

Modern Challenges and Preservation:

  • Preservation Efforts: In the face of modern development pressures, the Old City faces challenges in preserving its architectural heritage. Conservation efforts are in place to protect and maintain the historical integrity of this area.

  • Tourism: The Old City draws visitors from around the world, looking to experience the living history and culture. Tourism development, if sustainable, can provide economic benefits and incentives for preservation.

  • Intercultural Dialogue: As a historical cultural crossroads, the Old City serves as a pillar for intercultural dialogue and understanding—a place where locals and visitors can interact with the living history of Tashkent.

The Old City of Tashkent remains a treasured part of the city’s identity, an area where the echoes of the past live on in the architecture, the streets, and the daily lives of its inhabitants. It’s a place where visitors can step back in time and experience the soul of Tashkent, with all its historical nuances and stories waiting to be discovered.